gregoryjenks

Category: Lectionary

Links to lectionary notes from the Jesus Database site.

  • Lent 3A (23 March 2014)

    Contents

    Lectionary

    • Exodus 17:1-7 & Psalm 95
    • Romans 5:1-11
    • John 4:5-42

    Wells as Sacred Places

    Wells and springs often feature as significant places for epiphanies and other encounters in the biblical narrative. The well at Sychar (ancient Shechem) which features in this Sunday’s gospel is perhaps the most famous of them all. Presumably the wells at Beer-Sheba would have been significant to even more people over a longer period of time,

    Shechem itself is first mentioned in Genesis 12 as the place where Abram builds an altar, and it was already a sacred site associated with the oak of Moreh (i.e, the oak of the oracler) which may have been near the ancient well. The well itself is not mentioned at this point in the story:

    So Abram went, as the Lord had told him; and Lot went with him. Abram was seventy-five years old when he departed from Haran. Abram took his wife Sarai and his brother’s son Lot, and all the possessions that they had gathered, and the persons whom they had acquired in Haran; and they set forth to go to the land of Canaan. When they had come to the land of Canaan, Abram passed through the land to the place at Shechem, to the oak of Moreh. [Genesis 12:4-6]

    Abram and Sarai return to central Palestine after their troubled sojourn in Egypt:

    So Abram went up from Egypt, he and his wife, and all that he had, and Lot with him, into the Negeb. Now Abram was very rich in livestock, in silver, and in gold. He journeyed on by stages from the Negeb as far as Bethel, to the place where his tent had been at the beginning, between Bethel and Ai, to the place where he had made an altar at the first; and there Abram called on the name of the Lord. [Genesis 13:1-4]

    The troubles between their herdsmen and those of Lot’s herdsmen presumably involved a dispute over access to the well:

    Now Lot, who went with Abram, also had flocks and herds and tents, so that the land could not support both of them living together; for their possessions were so great that they could not live together, and there was strife between the herders of Abram’s livestock and the herders of Lot’s livestock. At that time the Canaanites and the Perizzites lived in the land. Then Abram said to Lot, “Let there be no strife between you and me, and between your herders and my herders; for we are kindred. Is not the whole land before you? Separate yourself from me. If you take the left hand, then I will go to the right; or if you take the right hand, then I will go to the left.” [Genesis 13:5-9]

    As required by the deal cut with Lot, Abram and Sarai move south to Hebron where they settle by another sacred grove (the oaks, or terebrinths) of Mamre the Amorite and its well (or spring):

    The Lord said to Abram, after Lot had separated from him, “Raise your eyes now, and look from the place where you are, northward and southward and eastward and westward; for all the land that you see I will give to you and to your offspring1 forever. I will make your offspring like the dust of the earth; so that if one can count the dust of the earth, your offspring also can be counted. Rise up, walk through the length and the breadth of the land, for I will give it to you.” So Abram moved his tent, and came and settled by the oaks of Mamre, which are at Hebron; and there he built an altar to the Lord. [Genesis 13:14-18]

    It would later be by a spring on the way to Shur that Hagar would have an epiphany:

    The angel of the Lord found her by a spring of water in the wilderness, the spring on the way to Shur. And he said, “Hagar, slave-girl of Sarai, where have you come from and where are you going?” She said, “I am running away from my mistress Sarai.” The angel of the Lord said to her, “Return to your mistress, and submit to her.” The angel of the Lord also said to her, “I will so greatly multiply your offspring that they cannot be counted for multitude.” And the angel of the Lord said to her,
    “Now you have conceived and shall bear a son;
    you shall call him Ishmael,
    for the Lord has given heed to your affliction.
    He shall be a wild ass of a man,
    with his hand against everyone,
    and everyone’s hand against him;
    and he shall live at odds with all his kin.”
    So she named the Lord who spoke to her, “You are El-roi”;
    for she said, “Have I really seen God and remained alive after seeing him?”
    Therefore the well was called Beer-lahai-roi; it lies between Kadesh and Bered. [Genesis 16:7-14).

    In Genesis 21 Hagar would be blessed with a second epiphany at yet another well, one whose presence went unnoticed until God opened her eyes to see it:

    When the water in the skin was gone, she cast the child under one of the bushes. Then she went and sat down opposite him a good way off, about the distance of a bowshot; for she said, “Do not let me look on the death of the child.” And as she sat opposite him, she lifted up her voice and wept. And God heard the voice of the boy; and the angel of God called to Hagar from heaven, and said to her, “What troubles you, Hagar? Do not be afraid; for God has heard the voice of the boy where he is. Come, lift up the boy and hold him fast with your hand, for I will make a great nation of him.” Then God opened her eyes and she saw a well of water. She went, and filled the skin with water, and gave the boy a drink. [Genesis 21:15-19]

    These stories of Hagar’s well-side epiphanies may have had some influence on the story of Jesus’ encounter with the Samaritan woman in John 4.

    Beer-sheba, where Abraham and Abimelech conclude a treaty in Genesis 21 was to feature in many of the stories in the Hebrew Bible. Its seven wells made Beer-Sheba a famous location and especially suited to special events. Abraham eventually relocated there following his narrow escape from almost killing his son, Isaac, as a human sacrifice:

    The angel of the Lord called to Abraham a second time from heaven, and said, “By myself I have sworn, says the Lord: Because you have done this, and have not withheld your son, your only son, I will indeed bless you, and I will make your offspring as numerous as the stars of heaven and as the sand that is on the seashore. And your offspring shall possess the gate of their enemies, and by your offspring shall all the nations of the earth gain blessing for themselves, because you have obeyed my voice.” So Abraham returned to his young men, and they arose and went together to Beer-sheba; and Abraham lived at Beer-sheba. [Genesis 22:15-19]

    The well at Haran features in the story of Rebekah being chosen by Abraham’s trusted slave to be the bride for Isaac:

    Then the servant took ten of his master’s camels and departed, taking all kinds of choice gifts from his master; and he set out and went to Aram-naharaim, to the city of Nahor. He made the camels kneel down outside the city by the well of water; it was toward evening, the time when women go out to draw water. And he said, “O Lord, God of my master Abraham, please grant me success today and show steadfast love to my master Abraham. I am standing here by the spring of water, and the daughters of the townspeople are coming out to draw water. Let the girl to whom I shall say, ‘Please offer your jar that I may drink,’ and who shall say, ‘Drink, and I will water your camels’–let her be the one whom you have appointed for your servant Isaac. By this I shall know that you have shown steadfast love to my master.”
    Before he had finished speaking, there was Rebekah, who was born to Bethuel son of Milcah, the wife of Nahor, Abraham’s brother, coming out with her water jar on her shoulder. The girl was very fair to look upon, a virgin, whom no man had known. She went down to the spring, filled her jar, and came up. Then the servant ran to meet her and said, “Please let me sip a little water from your jar.” “Drink, my lord,” she said, and quickly lowered her jar upon her hand and gave him a drink. When she had finished giving him a drink, she said, “I will draw for your camels also, until they have finished drinking.” So she quickly emptied her jar into the trough and ran again to the well to draw, and she drew for all his camels. The man gazed at her in silence to learn whether or not the Lord had made his journey successful.
    When the camels had finished drinking, the man took a gold nose-ring weighing a half shekel, and two bracelets for her arms weighing ten gold shekels, and said, “Tell me whose daughter you are. Is there room in your father’s house for us to spend the night?” She said to him, “I am the daughter of Bethuel son of Milcah, whom she bore to Nahor.” She added, “We have plenty of straw and fodder and a place to spend the night.” The man bowed his head and worshiped the Lord and said, “Blessed be the Lord, the God of my master Abraham, who has not forsaken his steadfast love and his faithfulness toward my master. As for me, the Lord has led me on the way to the house of my master’s kin.”
    Then the girl ran and told her mother’s household about these things. Rebekah had a brother whose name was Laban; and Laban ran out to the man, to the spring. As soon as he had seen the nose-ring, and the bracelets on his sister’s arms, and when he heard the words of his sister Rebekah, “Thus the man spoke to me,” he went to the man; and there he was, standing by the camels at the spring. He said, “Come in, O blessed of the Lord. Why do you stand outside when I have prepared the house and a place for the camels?” So the man came into the house; and Laban unloaded the camels, and gave him straw and fodder for the camels, and water to wash his feet and the feet of the men who were with him. Then food was set before him to eat; but he said, “I will not eat until I have told my errand.” He said, “Speak on.”
    So he said, “I am Abraham’s servant. The Lord has greatly blessed my master, and he has become wealthy; he has given him flocks and herds, silver and gold, male and female slaves, camels and donkeys. And Sarah my master’s wife bore a son to my master when she was old; and he has given him all that he has. My master made me swear, saying, ‘You shall not take a wife for my son from the daughters of the Canaanites, in whose land I live; but you shall go to my father’s house, to my kindred, and get a wife for my son.’ I said to my master, ‘Perhaps the woman will not follow me.’ But he said to me, ‘The Lord, before whom I walk, will send his angel with you and make your way successful. You shall get a wife for my son from my kindred, from my father’s house. Then you will be free from my oath, when you come to my kindred; even if they will not give her to you, you will be free from my oath.’
    “I came today to the spring, and said, ‘O Lord, the God of my master Abraham, if now you will only make successful the way I am going! I am standing here by the spring of water; let the young woman who comes out to draw, to whom I shall say, “Please give me a little water from your jar to drink,” and who will say to me, “Drink, and I will draw for your camels also”–let her be the woman whom the Lord has appointed for my master’s son.’
    “Before I had finished speaking in my heart, there was Rebekah coming out with her water jar on her shoulder; and she went down to the spring, and drew. I said to her, ‘Please let me drink.’ She quickly let down her jar from her shoulder, and said, ‘Drink, and I will also water your camels.’ So I drank, and she also watered the camels. Then I asked her, ‘Whose daughter are you?’ She said, ‘The daughter of Bethuel, Nahor’s son, whom Milcah bore to him.’ So I put the ring on her nose, and the bracelets on her arms. Then I bowed my head and worshiped the Lord, and blessed the Lord, the God of my master Abraham, who had led me by the right way to obtain the daughter of my master’s kinsman for his son. Now then, if you will deal loyally and truly with my master, tell me; and if not, tell me, so that I may turn either to the right hand or to the left.”
    Then Laban and Bethuel answered, “The thing comes from the Lord; we cannot speak to you anything bad or good. Look, Rebekah is before you, take her and go, and let her be the wife of your master’s son, as the Lord has spoken.” [Genesis 24:10-51]

    Disputes over access to wells occur again in the second version of the troubles at Gerar (cf. Genesis 21 for the earlier version):

    Isaac sowed seed in that land, and in the same year reaped a hundredfold. The Lord blessed him, and the man became rich; he prospered more and more until he became very wealthy. He had possessions of flocks and herds, and a great household, so that the Philistines envied him. (Now the Philistines had stopped up and filled with earth all the wells that his father’s servants had dug in the days of his father Abraham.) And Abimelech said to Isaac, “Go away from us; you have become too powerful for us.”
    So Isaac departed from there and camped in the valley of Gerar and settled there. Isaac dug again the wells of water that had been dug in the days of his father Abraham; for the Philistines had stopped them up after the death of Abraham; and he gave them the names that his father had given them. But when Isaac’s servants dug in the valley and found there a well of spring water, the herders of Gerar quarreled with Isaac’s herders, saying, “The water is ours.” So he called the well Esek, because they contended with him. Then they dug another well, and they quarreled over that one also; so he called it Sitnah. He moved from there and dug another well, and they did not quarrel over it; so he called it Rehoboth, saying, “Now the Lord has made room for us, and we shall be fruitful in the land.”
    From there he went up to Beer-sheba. And that very night the Lord appeared to him and said, “I am the God of your father Abraham; do not be afraid, for I am with you and will bless you and make your offspring numerous for my servant Abraham’s sake.” So he built an altar there, called on the name of the Lord, and pitched his tent there. And there Isaac’s servants dug a well.
    Then Abimelech went to him from Gerar, with Ahuzzath his adviser and Phicol the commander of his army. Isaac said to them, “Why have you come to me, seeing that you hate me and have sent me away from you?” They said, “We see plainly that the Lord has been with you; so we say, let there be an oath between you and us, and let us make a covenant with you so that you will do us no harm, just as we have not touched you and have done to you nothing but good and have sent you away in peace. You are now the blessed of the Lord.” So he made them a feast, and they ate and drank. In the morning they rose early and exchanged oaths; and Isaac set them on their way, and they departed from him in peace. . [Genesis 26:12-32]

    Indeed, by the end of that chapter the narrator is claiming that Isaac (or at least his servants) dug the original well that made Beer-Sheba famous:

    That same day Isaac’s servants came and told him about the well that they had dug,
    and said to him, “We have found water!”
    He called it Shibah;
    therefore the name of the city is Beer-sheba to this day [Genesis 26:32-33]

    When Jacob flees after his deception of Isaac and his theft of the patriarchal blessing from his older twin, Esau, the well at Haran again features as the meeting place where God’s chosen one find his destined spouse:

    Then Jacob went on his journey, and came to the land of the people of the east. As he looked, he saw a well in the field and three flocks of sheep lying there beside it; for out of that well the flocks were watered. The stone on the well’s mouth was large, and when all the flocks were gathered there, the shepherds would roll the stone from the mouth of the well, and water the sheep, and put the stone back in its place on the mouth of the well.
    Jacob said to them, “My brothers, where do you come from?” They said, “We are from Haran.” He said to them, “Do you know Laban son of Nahor?” They said, “We do.” He said to them, “Is it well with him?” “Yes,” they replied, “and here is his daughter Rachel, coming with the sheep.” He said, “Look, it is still broad daylight; it is not time for the animals to be gathered together. Water the sheep, and go, pasture them.” But they said, “We cannot until all the flocks are gathered together, and the stone is rolled from the mouth of the well; then we water the sheep.”
    While he was still speaking with them, Rachel came with her father’s sheep; for she kept them. Now when Jacob saw Rachel, the daughter of his mother’s brother Laban, and the sheep of his mother’s brother Laban, Jacob went up and rolled the stone from the well’s mouth, and watered the flock of his mother’s brother Laban. Then Jacob kissed Rachel, and wept aloud. And Jacob told Rachel that he was her father’s kinsman, and that he was Rebekah’s son; and she ran and told her father.
    When Laban heard the news about his sister’s son Jacob, he ran to meet him; he embraced him and kissed him, and brought him to his house. Jacob told Laban all these things, and Laban said to him, “Surely you are my bone and my flesh!” And he stayed with him a month. [Genesis 29:1-14]

    The tradition (found in John 4) that Jacob had owned the well at Shechem seems to arise from the following passage in Genesis 33:18-19:

    Jacob came safely to the city of Shechem, which is in the land of Canaan,
    on his way from Paddan-aram; and he camped before the city.
    And from the sons of Hamor, Shechem’s father,
    he bought for one hundred pieces of money the plot of land on which he had pitched his tent.

    There is, of course, no mention of a well in this text and it is hardly likely that the townspeople of Shechem would have sold their town water rights to a newly-arrived Hebrew. Still, as early as John’s Gospel, there was a tradition that the well had passed into Hebrew hands at the time of Jacob.

    In an interesting echo of the stories of Isaac and Jacob finding their wives at the father-in-law’s ancestral well, Moses was to meet his wife at a well in Midian where his future father-in-law was the local (pagan?) priest:

    Moses fled from Pharaoh. He settled in the land of Midian, and sat down by a well. The priest of Midian had seven daughters. They came to draw water, and filled the troughs to water their father’s flock. But some shepherds came and drove them away. Moses got up and came to their defense and watered their flock. When they returned to their father Reuel, he said, “How is it that you have come back so soon today?” They said, “An Egyptian helped us against the shepherds; he even drew water for us and watered the flock.” He said to his daughters, “Where is he? Why did you leave the man? Invite him to break bread.” Moses agreed to stay with the man, and he gave Moses his daughter Zipporah in marriage. She bore a son, and he named him Gershom; for he said, “I have been an alien residing in a foreign land.” [Exodus 2:15b-22].

     

    While this has not been an exhaustive survey of all the times when wells occur in the biblical narrative it has picked up the most significant epiphanies and other human encounters involving wells. These were also stories likely to have been known to the NT authors, and especially John. They provide evidence of an important traditional theme (the encounter at the well/spring) against which we can read both the Old Testament reading and the Gospel reading this week. Doubtless they were part of a wider genre of such stories in the ancient world, since communal water facilities would have been the natural settings for many significant encounters.

    In Isaiah 12 we find this ancient sense of springs or wells as places of divine encounter expressed in poetic form:

    You will say in that day:
    I will give thanks to you, O Lord,
    for though you were angry with me,
    your anger turned away,
    and you comforted me.

    Surely God is my salvation;
    I will trust, and will not be afraid,
    for the Lord God is my strength and my might;
    he has become my salvation.

    With joy you will draw water from the wells of salvation.
    And you will say in that day:
    Give thanks to the Lord,
    call on his name;
    make known his deeds among the nations;
    proclaim that his name is exalted.

    Sing praises to the Lord, for he has done gloriously;
    let this be known in all the earth.
    Shout aloud and sing for joy, O royal Zion,
    for great in your midst is the Holy One of Israel.

    Given this ancient tradition of divine encounters taking place at wells, it is no surprise that the Church in Nazareth venerates the ancient village well as the site of the Anunication. While Luke does not mention a well, the ancient mind would naturally imagine such an event occurring at the communal well.

    Moses and the miraculous rock

    In the absence of wells, Moses performs a miracle by striking a rock in the desert so that water flowed from it to meet the needs of the vast multitude said to be traveling with him through the wilderness:

    From the wilderness of Sin the whole congregation of the Israelites journeyed by stages, as the Lord commanded. They camped at Rephidim, but there was no water for the people to drink. The people quarreled with Moses, and said, “Give us water to drink.” Moses said to them, “Why do you quarrel with me? Why do you test the Lord?” But the people thirsted there for water; and the people complained against Moses and said, “Why did you bring us out of Egypt, to kill us and our children and livestock with thirst?” So Moses cried out to the Lord, “What shall I do with this people? They are almost ready to stone me.” The Lord said to Moses, “Go on ahead of the people, and take some of the elders of Israel with you; take in your hand the staff with which you struck the Nile, and go. I will be standing there in front of you on the rock at Horeb. Strike the rock, and water will come out of it, so that the people may drink.” Moses did so, in the sight of the elders of Israel. He called the place Massah and Meribah, because the Israelites quarreled and tested the Lord, saying, “Is the Lord among us or not?” [Exodus 17:1-7]

    There is also a variant of this story in another part of the Pentateuch:

    The Israelites, the whole congregation, came into the wilderness of Zin in the first month, and the people stayed in Kadesh. Miriam died there, and was buried there. Now there was no water for the congregation; so they gathered together against Moses and against Aaron. The people quarreled with Moses and said, “Would that we had died when our kindred died before the Lord! Why have you brought the assembly of the Lord into this wilderness for us and our livestock to die here? Why have you brought us up out of Egypt, to bring us to this wretched place? It is no place for grain, or figs, or vines, or pomegranates; and there is no water to drink.” Then Moses and Aaron went away from the assembly to the entrance of the tent of meeting; they fell on their faces, and the glory of the Lord appeared to them. The Lord spoke to Moses, saying: Take the staff, and assemble the congregation, you and your brother Aaron, and command the rock before their eyes to yield its water. Thus you shall bring water out of the rock for them; thus you shall provide drink for the congregation and their livestock.
    So Moses took the staff from before the Lord, as he had commanded him. Moses and Aaron gathered the assembly together before the rock, and he said to them, “Listen, you rebels, shall we bring water for you out of this rock?” Then Moses lifted up his hand and struck the rock twice with his staff; water came out abundantly, and the congregation and their livestock drank. But the Lord said to Moses and Aaron, “Because you did not trust in me, to show my holiness before the eyes of the Israelites, therefore you shall not bring this assembly into the land that I have given them.” These are the waters of Meribah, where the people of Israel quarreled with the Lord, and by which he showed his holiness. [Numbers 20:1-13]

    In 1Cor 10:1-5 Paul was refers to a miraculous rock that followed the Israelites through the wilderness like a magical water tanker, meeting their needs for forty years. That rock, says Paul, was Christ. Paul is presumably drawing on ancient Jewish midrash for this since he seems to know that his readers will have heard of this amazing rock:

    I do not want you to be unaware, brothers and sisters, that our ancestors were all under the cloud, and all passed through the sea, and all were baptized into Moses in the cloud and in the sea, and all ate the same spiritual food, and all drank the same spiritual drink. For they drank from the spiritual rock that followed them, and the rock was Christ.

    W.G. Plaut [The Torah. A Modern Commenatry, 513] cites the following Jewish traditions that elaborate on this story:

    God said, “I will be standing there before you on the rock” (17:6).
    This implies: “In every place where a man leaves his footprint., there I too will stand.” [Midrash Mechilta Vayassa 7]

    Plaut continues:

    “This thought found its expression also in the legend that the rock that yielded water followed Israel miraculously throughout their wanderings in the desert.”

    Targum Pseudo-Jonathan says on Num. 20:19:

    The well that had been given as a present to them climbed up with them on the high mountains
    and from the high mountains came down with them into the valleys,
    surrounded the entire camp of Israel, and refreshed them, each at the door of his tent.

     

    Jesus the true well-spring

    The Gospel of John presents Jesus as the embodiment of the ancient mystery of the well/spring. Jesus is both the site where the epiphany occurs, and also the source of the living water that gushes up within a person once they believe in him.

    In other discourses throughout the Gospel of John, Jesus will be represented as someone who fulfills ancient spiritual hopes:

    • “the beloved Son” sent to bring life to a world in darkness (John 3)
    • the bread (manna) from heaven (John 6),
    • the bearer of the new Torah (John 7)
    • greater than Abraham (John 8)
    • the light of the world (John 9)
    • the good shepherd (John 10)
    • and the life that death cannot extinguish (John 11)

    Jesus as the true well, the spring that refreshes from within, and the ultimate epiphany of God is celebrated in this classic story of Jesus’ own encounter with a woman at a well. Like many characters in the biblical drama, Jesus meets a female stranger at the well and they engage in intimate conversation. But he is not seeking a wife, and she has already had several husbands. Beyond the familiar characterizations of the well-known genre there is a larger story being unfolded.

    Jesus is not simply meeting a woman at a well. He is the well, and what he offers is far more sustaining than the water that flows from Jacob’s ancient spring. The woman is meeting Jesus at a well, and he offers her living water although he had no bucket. None is needed when the spring flows inside us.

    Ancient mythic themes converge in this familiar Gospel story.

    Jesus Database

    Some elements within this larger story have parallels in other complexes:

    Liturgies and Prayers

    For liturgies and sermons each week, shaped by a progressive theology, check Rex Hunt’s web site

    Other recommended sites include:

    Music Suggestions

    See David MacGregor’s Together to Celebrate site for recommendations from a variety of contemporary genre.

  • Lent 2A (16 March 2014)

    Contents

    Lectionary

    • Genesis 12:1-4a & Psalm 121
    • Romans 4:1-5, 13-17
    • John 3:1-17

    Communities that did not observe the Transfiguration as the last Sunday after Epiphany may wish to use Matthew 17:1-9 in place of John 3:1-17.

    First Reading: Abraham, agent of blessing to the nations

    The short passage from Genesis 12 is the opening paragraph of the Abraham cycle, a complex of traditional materials now shaped into an epic about the “ancestor of the ancestors.”

    Within the logic of the narrative world of Genesis, the ancestor of Israel is Jacob, the father of the twelve sons whose fictional extended family creates the tribes of Yahweh. But beyond Jacob stands the towering character of Abraham who serves in the sacred story as both the ancestor to whom God makes binding promises (for posterity, for land, and for a covenanted relationship), and also the source of blessing to other peoples.

    The blessings that other peoples will experience as a result of Abraham’s special standing with God include the blessings promised to all Abraham’s descendants (including Ishmael, ancestor of the Arabs in these stories) as well as a blessing to all the people of the land. It is this wider blessing that our text this Sunday celebrates, and that sense of universal blessings stands in contrast to the universal judgment that we saw in last week’s story of Adam and Eve in the garden.

    While the instinct of monotheistic communities seem to be to claim a monopoly on God’s blessings, here in Genesis 12 we find a rare moment of spiritual generosity:

    The LORD said to Abram,

    “Go forth from your native land and from your father’s house to the land that I will show you.
    I will make of you a great nation, and I will bless you;
    I will make your name great, And you shall be a blessing.
    I will bless those who bless you and curse him that curses you;
    And all the families of the earth shall bless themselves by you.”

    Abram went forth as the LORD had commanded him, and Lot went with him. Abram was seventy-five years old when he left Haran.” (Genesis 12:1–4 JPS)

    Note especially the last lines of the indented words in that quotation.

    The presence of Abraham and his descendants among the people of the land is going to be such a source of blessing to the indigenous peoples of Canaan that they will use his name as a way of invoking blessings on themselves. The word translated “earth” is adamah and has a strong connotation of soil, rather than “earth” in the sense of the world below the heavens, for which the usual Hebrew term would be eretz.

    The point is therefore both narrowed and yet amplified. The story is not speaking of all humankind being blessed through Abraham, but of those least likely to see themselves as beneficiaries of his blessing: the indigenous people of the land of Canaan. This is a more generous way of thinking about the Canaanites than we find in books such as Joshua and Judges, but for now it may suffice to reflect on the underlying idea that the blessings experienced by an Abraham are not simply for his own sake, but will be enjoyed and celebrated even by those who do not share his faith.

    Second Reading: Abraham, ancestor of those who have faith

    In Romans 4 we have an example of the Abraham tradition being drawn into a new context and, within that new context, being invested with a whole new set of meanings. This is the normal process for creating meaning when reading a text, but in this instance the new meanings are sufficiently different from the traditional readings of the Abraham story that it might cause us to pause and reflect.

    The parts of this chapter selected for reading in church are verses 1-4 and 13-17. As always that makes me wonder what was in the missing verses that caused the lectionary committee to omit them. Verses 5-12 provide some of the key theological ideas of this passage, but they are expressed in terms that may be thought to make it unsuitable for public reading.

    But to one who without works trusts him who justifies the ungodly, such faith is reckoned as righteousness. So also David speaks of the blessedness of those to whom God reckons righteousness apart from works: “Blessed are those whose iniquities are forgiven, and whose sins are covered; blessed is the one against whom the Lord will not reckon sin.”
    Is this blessedness, then, pronounced only on the circumcised, or also on the uncircumcised? We say, “Faith was reckoned to Abraham as righteousness.” How then was it reckoned to him? Was it before or after he had been circumcised? It was not after, but before he was circumcised. He received the sign of circumcision as a seal of the righteousness that he had by faith while he was still uncircumcised. The purpose was to make him the ancestor of all who believe without being circumcised and who thus have righteousness reckoned to them, and likewise the ancestor of the circumcised who are not only circumcised but who also follow the example of the faith that our ancestor Abraham had before he was circumcised.” (Romans 4:5–12 NRSV)

    Paul seems not to share the modern Western discomfort with using male circumcision as a theological symbol, although as a Hellenistic Jew he would certainly have been aware that male circumcision was one of the things many Romans and Greeks found most disturbing about Judaism. Paul, of course, was a champion of the liberal view that Gentile males who became Christians did not need to undergo circumcision, but that is not the point he is making in this chapter, nor in these offending verses that have been summarily excised from the lectionary.

    In a fine example of premodern theological exegesis, Paul is arguing that the exact circumstances that applied at various points in the Abraham narrative have theological significance. In this case, Paul is arguing that Abraham was justified on the basis of his trust (faith) in God even before he was circumcised. His subsequent circumcision was an expression of the righteousness he already enjoyed, and in no way contributed to his blessed status in God’s eyes.

    Tying this theological insight to an isolated verse from a Psalm—and then reading it in a way that cannot be justified from the verse or its context—does not do much to bolster the intellectual force of Paul’s argument for modern readers. Instead, such hermeneutical strategies only highlight the distance between ourselves and the ancients from whom we received the Bible.

    The larger point that Paul was seeking to make is that Abraham’s trust in God, and God’s blessing of Abraham, had nothing to do with observance of Jewish rituals such as male circumcision. Further than that, in Paul’s way of thinking, Abraham’s intimate body piercing history makes him uniquely qualified to be the archetypal believer for Gentiles as well as Jews. While we may appreciate the point being made by Paul, we cannot help but be reminded that the Bible comes from another time and place—and they did things differently there!

    Gospel: Jesus and Nicodemus

    This well-known story from the Gospel of John finds itself in the new context of our readings this Sunday. How do we read this passage alongside the two Abraham traditions served up from Genesis 12 and Romans 4 by the lectionary committee. What were they thinking?

    This scene can be understood as operating on two levels.

    One level—and perhaps the level which we notice most readily—affirms the universality of God’s love for all humanity. This is, after all, the passage in which we find that famous verse, John 3:16.

    For God so loved the world that he gave his only Son,
    so that everyone who believes in him may not perish but may have eternal life. (NRSV)

    The verses on either side of this classic proof text much beloved of roadside billboard evangelists tend to reinforce the impression that John 3 has Jesus proclaiming God’s wide and generous love for all humanity. Such a theme certainly fits with the way we have been “reading” the Abraham tradition in these notes.

    However, there is another motif running through this story, and it is becomes blazingly clear if we look at verses 18-21. These verses come immediately after the point where this week’s lectionary selection ends, and actually complete the paragraph that v. 17 begins:

    Those who believe in him are not condemned; but those who do not believe are condemned already, because they have not believed in the name of the only Son of God. And this is the judgment, that the light has come into the world, and people loved darkness rather than light because their deeds were evil. For all who do evil hate the light and do not come to the light, so that their deeds may not be exposed. But those who do what is true come to the light, so that it may be clearly seen that their deeds have been done in God. (John 3:18–21 NRSV)

    The severity of these concluding sentences tends to qualify both the positive statement in v. 17 (“Indeed, God did not send the Son into the world to condemn the world, but in order that the world might be saved through him.” ) and the classic statement of divine love in John 3:16.

    On closer examination, the discourse between Jesus and Nicodemus also has a less generous undertone. Note the polemical edge to the exchange in vss. 10-12:

    Jesus answered him, “Are you a teacher of Israel, and yet you do not understand these things? Very truly, I tell you, we speak of what we know and testify to what we have seen; yet you do not receive our testimony. If I have told you about earthly things and you do not believe, how can you believe if I tell you about heavenly things?” (John 3:10–12 NRSV)

    What seems to be coming through in this episode is something of the complaint by the Johannine community who find that their witness about Jesus is not being received by their Jewish neighbours. Boundary lines are being drawn. Some people are inside the circle of God’s light, while others are in the dark—and have put themselves there by their refusal to believe.

    In light of that sectarian undercurrent, even John 3:16 seems a little less generous than first imagined. It is not after all, a declaration of universal salvation for all people; but rather a statement that God’s gift of “eternal life” is restricted to those who believe in Jesus.

    One of the challenges faced by a religious tradition that places great emphasis on the value of a particular belief, a particular practice, or a particular figure, is how to maintain a generous openness to the sacred wisdom and intrinsic dignity of other spiritual communities. Yet both the first and second readings suggest ways of understanding a figure such as Abraham in such a way that his story encourages spiritual generosity and imagines ways that God’s blessings might be the experience of people beyond the boundaries of our own religion.

    Jesus Database

    Liturgies and Prayers

    For liturgies and sermons each week, shaped by a progressive theology, check Rex Hunt’s web site

    Other recommended sites include:

     

    Music Suggestions

    See David MacGregor’s Together to Celebrate site for recommendations from a variety of contemporary genre.

  • Lent 1A (9 March 2014)

    Contents

    Lectionary

    • Genesis 2:15-17; 3:1-7 & Psalm 32
    • Romans 5:12-19
    • Matthew 4:1-11

    Introduction

    The Gospel passage for this week is widely recognised as a classic mythic tale of the hero overcoming a set of ordeals to establish his credentials in the eyes of the audience. The notes will provide just the text (in a horizontal line synopsis) and the major parallels from various ancient sources.

    With the context of the lectionary readings set for this first Sunday of Lent, this Gospel representation of Jesus as the spiritual hero—the “second Adam”, to use the terminology of Paul in 1 Cor 15:45–49—who successfully resists the Tempter, is set against the failure of the “first Adam” who succumbs to temptation and grasps for power, knowledge, and immortality. This mythic background is reinforced by this week’s NT reading (Rom 5:12–19) in which the legacy of Adam’s sin is contrasted with the legacy of Jesus’ faithfulness.

    Therefore, just as sin came into the world through one man, and death came through sin, and so death spread to all because all have sinned— sin was indeed in the world before the law, but sin is not reckoned when there is no law. Yet death exercised dominion from Adam to Moses, even over those whose sins were not like the transgression of Adam, who is a type of the one who was to come. But the free gift is not like the trespass. For if the many died through the one man’s trespass, much more surely have the grace of God and the free gift in the grace of the one man, Jesus Christ, abounded for the many. And the free gift is not like the effect of the one man’s sin. For the judgment following one trespass brought condemnation, but the free gift following many trespasses brings justification. If, because of the one man’s trespass, death exercised dominion through that one, much more surely will those who receive the abundance of grace and the free gift of righteousness exercise dominion in life through the one man, Jesus Christ. Therefore just as one man’s trespass led to condemnation for all, so one man’s act of righteousness leads to justification and life for all. For just as by the one man’s disobedience the many were made sinners, so by the one man’s obedience the many will be made righteous. (Romans 5:12–19 NRSV)

    The lectionary wants us to read the story of Jesus being tempted (tested) through the lens of the “fall” (sic) of Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden. However, it will be more valid to resist that “framing” of the story, and to read it through the biblical, post-biblical, and interfaith lens of the testing of the hero.

    Jesus Tempted

    The Sayings Gospel Q—dated well before Mark by most NT scholars and thus a compilation more or less contemporary with the letters of Paul—develops the tradition into a narrative with three episodes. Despite the change in order of the Temple temptation, the close verbal similarity between the versions in Matthew and Luke is clear:

    Matt: He fasted forty days and forty nights,
    Luke: where for forty days he was tempted by the devil. He ate nothing at all during those days,

    Matt: and afterwards he was famished.
    Luke:and when they were over, he was famished.

    Matt: The tempter came and said to him,
    Luke: The devil said to him,

    Matt: “If you are the Son of God, command these stones to become loaves of bread.”
    Luke: “If you are the Son of God, command this stone to become a loaf of bread.”

    Matt: But he answered, “It is written, ‘One does not live by bread alone,
    Luke: Jesus answered him, “It is written, ‘One does not live by bread alone.’”

    Matt: but by every word that comes from the mouth of God.’”
    Luke:

    Matt: Then the devil took him to the holy city and placed him on the pinnacle of the temple,
    Luke: Then the devil took him to Jerusalem, and placed him on the pinnacle of the temple, saying to him,

    Matt: saying to him, “If you are the Son of God, throw yourself down;
    Luke: “If you are the Son of God, throw yourself down from here,

    Matt: for it is written, ‘He will command his angels concerning you,’
    Luke: for it is written, ‘He will command his angels concerning you, to protect you,’

    Matt: and ‘On their hands they will bear you up, so that you will not dash your foot against a stone.’”
    Luke: and ‘On their hands they will bear you up, so that you will not dash your foot against a stone.’”

    Matt: Jesus said to him, “Again it is written, ‘Do not put the Lord your God to the test.’”
    Luke: Jesus answered him, “It is said, ‘Do not put the Lord your God to the test.’”

    Matt: Again, the devil took him to a very high mountain
    Luke: Then the devil led him up

    Matt: and showed him all the kingdoms of the world and their splendor;
    Luke: and showed him in an instant all the kingdoms of the world.

    Matt: and he said to him, “All these I will give you, if you will fall down and worship me.”
    Luke: And the devil said to him, “To you I will give their glory and all this authority;
    for it has been given over to me, and I give it to anyone I please.
    If you, then, will worship me, it will all be yours.    ”

    Matt: Jesus said to him, “Away with you, Satan!
    Luke:

    Matt: for it is written, ‘Worship the Lord your God, and serve only him.’”
    Luke: Jesus answered him, “It is written, ‘Worship the Lord your God, and serve only him.’

    Matt: Then the devil left him,
    Luke: When the devil had finished every test, he departed from him until an opportune time.

    Matt: and suddenly angels came and waited on him.
    Luke:

     

     

    The Testing of Abraham

    Jubilees 17

    And it came to pass in the seventh week, in its first year, in the first month, in that jubilee, on the twelfth of that month, that words came in heaven concerning Abraham that he was faithful in everything which was told him and he loved the LORD and was faithful in all affliction. And Prince Mastema came and he said before God, “Behold, Abraham loves Isaac, his son. And he is more pleased with him than everything. Tell him to offer him (as) a burnt offering upon the altar. And you will see whether he will do this thing. And you will know whether he is faithful in everything in which you test him.” And the LORD was aware that Abraham was faithful in all of his afflictions because he tested him with his land, and with famine. And he tested him with the wealth of kings. And he tested him again with his wife, when she was taken (from him), and with circumcision. And he tested him with Ishmael and with Hagar, his maidservant, when he sent them away. And in everything in which he tested him, he was found faithful. And his soul was not impatient. And he was not slow to act because he was faithful and a lover of the LORD. [translated by O.S. Wintermute, OTP 2,90]

    Sirach 44

    19Abraham was the great father of a multitude of nations,
    and no one has been found like him in glory.
    20He kept the law of the Most High,
    and entered into a covenant with him;
    he certified the covenant in his flesh,
    and when he was tested he proved faithful.
    21Therefore the Lord assured him with an oath
    that the nations would be blessed through his offspring;
    that he would make him as numerous as the dust of the earth,
    and exalt his offspring like the stars,
    and give them an inheritance from sea to sea
    and from the Euphrates to the ends of the earth.

    Apocalypse of Abraham

    And we went, the two of us alone together, forty days and nights. And I ate no bread and drank no water, because (my) food was to see the angel who was with me, and his discourse with me was my drink. We came to God’s mountain, glorious Horeb. And I said to the angel, “Singer of the Eternal One, behold I have no sacrifice with me, nor do I know a place for an altar on the mountain, so how shall I make the sacrifice?” And he said, “Look behind you.” And I looked behind me. And behold all the prescribed sacrifices were following us: the calf, the she-goat, the ram, the turtledove, and the pigeon. And the angel said to me, “Abraham.” And I said, “Here I am.” And he said to me, “Slaughter all these and divide the animals exactly into halves. But do not cut the birds apart. And give them to the men whom I will show you standing beside you, for they are the altar on the mountain, to offer sacrifice to the Eternal One. The turtledove and the pigeon you will give to me, for I will ascend on the wings of the birds to show you (what) is in the heavens, on the earth and in the sea, in the abyss, and in the lower depths, in the garden of Eden and in its rivers, in the fullness of the universe. And you will see its circles in all. ”
    13 And I did everything according to the angel’s command. And I gave the angels who had come to us the divided parts of the animals. And the angel Iaoela took the two birds. And I waited for the evening gift.” And an unclean bird flew down on the carcasses, and I drove it away. And the unclean bird spoke to me and said, “What are you doing, Abraham, on the holy heights, where no one eats or drinks, nor is there upon them food for men. But these all will be consumed by fire and they will burn you up. Leave the man who is with you and flee! For if you ascend to the height, they will destroy you.” And it came to pass when I saw the bird speaking I said this to the angel: “What is this, my lord?” And he said, “This is disgrace, this is Azazel!” And he said to him, “Shame on you, Azazel! For Abraham’s portion is in heaven, and yours is on earth, for you have selected here, (and) become enamored of the dwelling place of your blemish. Therefore the Eternal Ruler, the Mighty One, has given you a dwelling on earth. Through you the all-evil spirit (is) a liar, and through you (are) wrath and trials on the generations of men who live impiously. For the Eternal, Mighty One did not allow the bodies of the righteous to be in your hand, so through them the righteous life is affirmed and the destruction of ungodliness. Hear, counselor, be shamed by me! You have no permission to tempt all the righteous. Depart from this man! You cannot deceive him, because he is the enemy of you and of those who follow you and who love what you wish. For behold, the garment which in heaven was formerly yours has been set aside for him, and the corruption which was on him has gone over to you.”
    14 And the angel said to me, “Abraham!” And I said, “Here I am, your servant.” And he said, “Know from this that the Eternal One whom you have loved has chosen you. Be bold and do through your authority whatever I order you against him who reviles justice. Will I not be able to revile him who has scattered about the earth the secrets of heaven and who has taken counsel against the Mighty One? Say to him, ‘May you be the firebrand of the furnace of the earth! Go, Azazel, into the untrodden parts of the earth. For your heritage is over those who are with you, with the stars and with the men born by the clouds, whose portion you are, indeed they exist through your being. Enmity is for you a pious act. Therefore through your own destruction be gone from me! ” And I said the words as the angel had taught me. And he said, “Abraham.” And I said, “Here I am, your servant!” And the angel said to me, “Answer him not!” And he spoke to me a second time. And the angel said, “Now, whatever he says to you, answer him not, lest his will run up to you. For the Eternal, Mighty One gave him the gravity and the will. Answer him not.” And I did what the angel had commanded me. And whatever he said to me about the descent, I answered him not.
    15 And it came to pass when the sun was setting, and behold a smoke like that of a furnace, and the angels who had the divided portions of the sacrifice ascended from the top of the furnace of smoke. And the angel took me with his right hand and set me on the right wing of the pigeon and he himself sat on the left wing of the turtledove, (both of) which were as if neither slaughtered nor divided. And he carried me up to the edge of the fiery flames. And we ascended as if (carried) by many winds to the heaven that is fixed on the expanses. And I saw on the air to whose height we had ascended a strong light which cane not be described. And behold, in this light a fiery Gehenna was enkindled, and a great crowd in the likeness of men. They all were changing in aspect and shape, running and changing form and prostrating themselves and crying aloud words I did not know.
    [translated by R. Rubinkiewicz, OTP 1,694–6]

     

    Testament of Job, chs 2-8

    2 Now I used to be Jobab before the Lord named me Job. When I was called Jobab, I lived quite near a venerated idol’s temple. As I constantly saw whole-burnt offerings being offered up there, I began reasoning within myself saying, “Is this really the God who made heaven and earth, the sea too, and our very selves? How shall I know?”
    3 One night as I was in bed a loud voice came to me in a very bright light saying, “Jobab, Jobab!” And I said, “Yes? Here I am.” And he said, “Arise, and I will show you who this is whom you wish to know. This one whose whole-burnt offerings they bring and whose drink offerings they pour is not God. Rather, his is the power of the devil, by whom human nature” is deceived.”
    When I heard these things, I fell on my bed worshiping and saying, “My Lord, who came for the salvation of my soul, I beg you—if this is indeed the place of Satan by whom men are deceived—grant me authority to go and purge his place so that I may put an end to the drink offerings being poured for him. Who is there to forbid me, since I rule this region?”
    4 The light answered me and said, “You shall be able to purge this place. But I am going to show you all the things which the Lord charged me to tell you.”
    And I said, “Whatever he has charged me, his servant, I will hear and do.”
    Again he said, “Thus says the Lord: If you attempt to purge the place of Satan, he will rise up against you with wrath for battle. But he will be unable to bring death upon you. He will bring on you many plagues, he will take away for himself your goods, he will carry off your children. But if you are patient, I will make your name renowned in all generations of the earth till the consummation of the age.” And I will return you again to your goods. It will be repaid to you doubly, so you may know that the Lord is impartial—rendering good things to each one who obeys. And you shall be raised up in the resurrection. For you will be like a sparring athlete,” both enduring pains and winning the crown. Then will you know that the Lord is just, true, and strong, giving strength to his elect ones.”
    5 And I, my little children, replied to him, “Till death I will endure: I will not step back at all.” After I had been sealed by the angel when he left me, my little children, then—having arisen the next night—I took fifty youths with me, struck off for the temple of the idol, and leveled it to the ground. And so I withdrew into my house, having ordered the doors to be secured.
    6 Listen, little children, and marvel. For as soon as I entered into my house and secured my doors, I charged my doormen thus, “If anyone should seek me today, give no report; but say, ‘He has no time, for he is inside concerned with an urgent matter.’
    So while I was inside Satan knocked at the door, having disguised himself as a beggar. And he said to the doormaid, “Tell Job I wish to meet with him.” When the doormaid came and told me these things, she heard me say to report that I had no time just now.
    7 When he heard that, Satan departed and put a yoke on his shoulders. And when he arrived, he spoke to the doormaid saying, “Say to Job, ‘Give me a loaf of bread from your hands, so I may eat.’ “So I gave a burnt loaf of bread to the girl to give to him and said to him, “Expect to eat my loaves no longer, for you are estranged from me.”
    Then the doormaid, ashamed to give him the burnt and ashen loaf of bread (for she did not know he was Satan), took the good loaf of her own and gave it to him. And when he received it and knew what had occurred he said to the girl, “Off with you, evil servant. Bring the loaf of bread given you to be given to me.” The girl wept with deep grief, saying, “Truly, you well say I am an evil servant. For if I were not, I would have done just as it was assigned to me by my master.” And when she returned, she brought him the burnt loaf of bread, saying to him, “Thus says my lord, ‘You shall no longer eat from my loaves at all, for I have been estranged from you. Yet I have given you this loaf of bread in order that I may not be accused of providing nothing to a begging enemy.’”
    When he heard these things, Satan sent the girl back tome saying, “As this loaf of bread is wholly burnt, so shall I do to your body also. For within the hour, I will depart and devastate you.” And I replied to him, “Do what you will. For if you intend to bring anything on me, I am prepared to undergo whatever you inflict.”
    8 After he withdrew from me, when he had gone out under the firmament, he implored the Lord that he might receive authority over my goods. And then, when he had received the authority, he came and took away all my wealth.
    [translated by R.P. Spittler, OTP 1,840–42]

     

    Interfaith Parallels

    Buddhism

    Marcus Borg [Jesus and Buddha: The Parallel Sayings] notes the following traditions about the Buddha that provide something of a parallel to this cluster:

    Then Mara the evil one drew near to him, and said: “Let the Exalted One exercise governance, let the Blessed One rule.”
    “Now what, O evil one, do you have in view, that you speak this way to me?”
    “If the Exalted One were to wish the Himalayas, king of the mountains, to be gold, he might determine it to be so, and the mountains would become a mass of gold?’
    The Exalted One responded: “Were the mountains all of shimmering gold, it would still not be enough for one man’s wants. He that has seen suffering — how should that man succumb to desires?”
    Then Mara the evil one thought: “The Exalted One knows me! The Blessed One knows me!” And sad and sorrowful he vanished then and there.
    (Samyutta Nikaya 4.2.10)

    During the six years that the Bodhisattva practiced austerities, the demon followed behind him step by step, seeking an opportunity to harm him. But he found no opportunity whatsoever and went away discouraged and discontent.
    (Lalitavistara Sutra 18)

    I thought: “Suppose I practice entirely cutting off food?’ Then the deities came to me and said: “Good sir, do not practice entirely cutting off food. If you do so, we shall infuse heavenly food into the pores of your skin and you will live on that.”
    (Majjhima Nikaya 36.27)

    Islamic Texts

    34 Satan said to Jesus when he placed him in Jerusalem, You claim to raise the dead. If you can truly do so, ask God to turn this mountain to bread.” Jesus said, “Do all people live from bread?” Satan said, “If you are what you claim to be, jump from this place, for the angels will receive you.” Jesus said, “God ordered me not to put myself to the test, for I do not know whether He will save me or not.”

    119 Satan passed by while Jesus was reclining his head upon a stone. “So, then, Jesus, you have been satisfied with a stone in this world! ” Jesus removed the stone from beneath his head, threw it at him, and said, “Take this stone, and the world with it! I have no need of either.”

    206 It is related that Satan once appeared before Jesus and said to him, “Say: ‘There is no god but God.” Jesus replied, “Righteous words which I will not repeat after you.” This is because Satan’s deceptions can lurk even beneath good.

    209 It is told that Jesus spent sixty days inmate conversation with his Lord without eating. Then the thought of bread occurred to him and his intimacy was interrupted. At once a loaf of bread appeared in his hands, so he sat down and wept for the loss of intimacy. At that moment, an old man cast his shadow upon him and Jesus said to him, “God bless you, friend of God. Pray to God for me, for I was in a trance and the thought of bread occurred to me, and so my trance was interrupted.” The old man prayed, “O God! If you know that the thought of bread has occurred to me since I have known You, do not forgive me. On the contrary, if anything was brought before me, I would eat it without any thought of it.”

    278 Satan appeared to Jesus in the visible form of an old man. “Spirit of God, say: ‘There is no god but God,” he bade him, hoping that he [would repeat this after him and thus] would have obeyed him to that extent. Jesus answered, “I say it – but not because you said it: there is no god but God.” Satan departed in disgrace.

    292 Satan asked Jesus, “Can your God cause the world to be contained by an egg, in such a way that the world is not shrunk and the egg is not enlarged?” Jesus replied, “Woe to you! Incapacity cannot be attributed to God. Who is more powerful than Him who can cause the world to become fine and delicate and the egg to grow great?”

    300 It is related that Satan appeared to Jesus decked out in pendants of diverse colors and kinds. Jesus asked, “What are these pendants?” “These are the lusts of mankind,” Satan replied. “Have I anything to do with any of them?” Jesus asked. “Perhaps you ate your fill and we made you too sluggish to pray or mention God,” Satan replied. “Is there anything else?” asked Jesus. “No,” said Satan. “I vow before God never to fill my belly with food,” said Jesus. “And I vow before God never again to advise a Muslim,” Satan replied.
    [Tarif Khalidi, The Muslim Jesus, 2001]

    Jesus Database

    Liturgies and Prayers

    For liturgies and sermons each week, shaped by a progressive theology, check Rex Hunt’s web site

    Other recommended sites include:

     

    Music Suggestions

    See David MacGregor’s Together to Celebrate site for recommendations from a variety of contemporary genre.

  • Last Sunday after Epiphany (2 March 2014)

    Contents

    Lectionary

    • Exodus 24:12-18 & Psalm 2
    • 2 Peter 1:16-21
    • Matthew 17:1-9

    Introduction

    This Sunday sees the end of an unusually long Epiphany season. The lectionary texts for Epiphany in Year A—derived mostly from the first part of the Sermon on the Mount—are as follows:

    • First Sunday after Epiphany (Baptism of Jesus): Matt 3:13-17
    • Second Sunday after Epiphany (John’s disciples find Jesus): John 1:29-42
    • Third Sunday after Epiphany (Jesus in Galilee): Matt 4:12-23
    • Fourth Sunday after Epiphany (The Beatitudes): Matt 5:1-12
    • Fifth Sunday after Epiphany (Light, Salt and Torah): Matt 5:13-20
    • Sixth Sunday after Epiphany (The New Torah): Matt 5:21-37
    • Seventh Sunday after Epiphany (Love of Enemies): Matt 5:38-48
    • Eighth Sunday after Epiphany (On Anxiety): Matt 6:24-34
    • Last Sunday after Epiphany (Transfiguration): Matt 17:1-9

    First Reading: Exodus 24:12-18

    The story of the Transfiguration is a classic instance of a NT story imitating—and elaborating upon—a story from the Tanakh. In this case one of the key OT texts that serves as an intertextual stimulus and model for the NT is the story of Modes being called up the mountain to commune with God:

    The LORD said to Moses, “Come up to me on the mountain, and wait there; and I will give you the tablets of stone, with the law and the commandment, which I have written for their instruction.” So Moses set out with his assistant Joshua, and Moses went up into the mountain of God. To the elders he had said, “Wait here for us, until we come to you again; for Aaron and Hur are with you; whoever has a dispute may go to them.”
    Then Moses went up on the mountain, and the cloud covered the mountain. The glory of the LORD settled on Mount Sinai, and the cloud covered it for six days; on the seventh day he called to Moses out of the cloud. Now the appearance of the glory of the LORD was like a devouring fire on the top of the mountain in the sight of the people of Israel. Moses entered the cloud, and went up on the mountain. Moses was on the mountain for forty days and forty nights.” (Exodus 24:12–18 NRSV)

    We can note numerous points where the latter story imitates the earlier tradition in a process known as mimesis:

    • an epiphany atop a sacred mountain
    • the hero is summoned to the top for an encounter with God
    • Moses accompanied by his assistant/disciple
    • this assistant happens to be named Joshua (the Hebrew form of Jesus)
    • they were initially accompanied by a larger group but the others are left at the base of the mountain
    • the epiphany occurs “after six days”
    • a cloud covers the mountain
    • God speaks to Moses from the cloud
    • the divine glory settles on the mountain

    In the case of the NT story, this primary account of Moses being called UP the mountain may have been influenced by the matching tradition of how Moses’ DESCENT from the mountain was characterised by a mysterious transfiguration experience as his face shone with the glory of God:

    Moses came down from Mount Sinai. As he came down from the mountain with the two tablets of the covenant in his hand, Moses did not know that the skin of his face shone because he had been talking with God. When Aaron and all the Israelites saw Moses, the skin of his face was shining, and they were afraid to come near him. But Moses called to them; and Aaron and all the leaders of the congregation returned to him, and Moses spoke with them. Afterward all the Israelites came near, and he gave them in commandment all that the LORD had spoken with him on Mount Sinai. When Moses had finished speaking with them, he put a veil on his face; but whenever Moses went in before the LORD to speak with him, he would take the veil off, until he came out; and when he came out, and told the Israelites what he had been commanded, the Israelites would see the face of Moses, that the skin of his face was shining; and Moses would put the veil on his face again, until he went in to speak with him. (Exodus 34:29–35 NRSV)

    While we were with him on the holy mountain: 2 Peter 1:16-21

    The Second letter of Peter is certainly is not a letter by Peter the Fisherman, as I have outlined elsewhere:

    Second Peter tries even harder to represent itself as coming from Peter. The opening sentences identify the author as “Simeon Peter, a servant and apostle of Jesus Christ.” This is really more like a testament of Peter than a letter from Peter, as the description of the aged apostle in 1:12–15 demonstrates. Perhaps operating on the assumption that offense is the best form of defense, the author claims to have been on the mountain with Jesus at the time of the transfiguration.

    For we did not follow cleverly devised myths when we made known to you the power and coming of our Lord Jesus Christ, but we had been eyewitnesses of his majesty. For he received honor and glory from God the Father when that voice was conveyed to him by the Majestic Glory, saying, “This is my Son, my Beloved, with whom I am well pleased.” We ourselves heard this voice come from heaven, while we were with him on the holy mountain.” (2 Pet 1:16–18)

    However, it is soon clear that the author has recycled material from the letter of Jude, and shares Jude’s anxiety over the prevalence of false teachers in these last days, when “the heavens will pass away with a loud noise, and the elements will be dissolved with fire, and the earth and everything that is done on it will be disclosed” (2 Pet 3:10). … 2 Pet 3:15–16 reveals an awareness of Paul’s letters and a concern over the way false teachers abuse them “as they do the other Scriptures.” It is perhaps the last of the NT books to have been written—unless we accept the recent proposals for Acts to be dated around 150 CE. (The Once and Future Bible, 2011: 182f)

    What we seem to have in 2 Peter is a snapshot from the middle of the second century. Almost 100 years after the death of Peter we find some anonymous Christian leader invoking the authority of Peter to address the pressing pastoral challenges of his own time. By this stage the Transfiguration has ceased to be an epiphany of Jesus and has become a device to assert the authority of an unbroken line of tradition back to the apostolic period. The subversive spiritual power of direct spiritual experience is being supplanted by appeals to traditional authority.

    That struggle continues in the contemporary church, but in our time the momentum seems to lie with those who are transformed by the experience of the divine, while the traditional shepherds find fewer people wishing to be told what to believe and how to behave. As traditional theological controls crumble, chaos becomes more typical of contemporary Christianity. A new Christianity is coming to birth as the future of what Jesus began comes into sight. An epiphany. A transfiguration. A new creation.

    Gospel: Matthew 17:1-9

    Crossan suggests that the underlying tradition can be discerned in the resurrection scene from GPeter as part of a very early document that he calls the Cross Gospel, and which he argues was the original passion narrative:

    34Early, at first light on the sabbath, a crowd came from Jerusalem and the surrounding countryside to see the sealed tomb. 35But during the night before the Lord’s day dawned, while the soldiers were on guard, two by two during each watch, a loud noise came from the sky, 36and they saw the skies open up and two men come down from there in a burst of light and approach the tomb. 37The stone that had been pushed against the entrance began to roll by itself and moved away to one side; then the tomb opened up and both young men went inside.

    38Now when these soldiers saw this, they roused the centurion from his sleep, along with the elders. (Remember, they were also there keeping watch.) 39While they were explaining what they had seen, again they see three men leaving the tomb, two supporting the third, and a cross was following them. 40The heads of the two reached up to the sky, while the head of the third, whom they led by the hand, reached beyond the skies. 41And they heard a voice from the skies that said, “Have you preached to those who sleep?” 42And an answer was heard from the cross: “Yes!” (GPet 35-40 [= ch2 9-10] Complete Gospels)

    In the Synoptic Gospels, the story appears as an event during Jesus’ lifetime:

    • Mark 9:2-10
    • Matt 17:1-9
    • Luke 9:28-36

    The earliest version of this tradition seems to be the account in Mark 9, with the core verses being:

    Six days later, Jesus took with him Peter and James and John, and led them up a high mountain apart, by themselves. And he was transfigured before them, and his clothes became dazzling white, such as no one on earth could bleach them. And there appeared to them Elijah with Moses, who were talking with Jesus. Then Peter said to Jesus, “Rabbi, it is good for us to be here; let us make three dwellings, one for you, one for Moses, and one for Elijah.” He did not know what to say, for they were terrified. Then a cloud overshadowed them, and from the cloud there came a voice, “This is my Son, the Beloved; listen to him!” Suddenly when they looked around, they saw no one with them any more, but only Jesus. (Mark 9:2–8 NRSV)

    Interestingly, we get a kind of literary afterlife for this tradition in 2 Peter:

    For he received honor and glory from God the Father when that voice was conveyed to him by the Majestic Glory, saying, “This is my Son, my Beloved, with whom I am well pleased.” We ourselves heard this voice come from heaven, while we were with him on the holy mountain. (2Peter 1:17–18 NRSV)

    In Mark’s original narrative — from which Matthew and Luke have each developed their versions of this story — the event which stands before the “six days later” is a comment by Jesus concerning the coming of the Son of Man in the glory of his Father with the holy angels, after which Jesus is represented as saying, “Truly I say to you, there are some standing here who will not taste death before they see the kingdom of God has come with power.” Since there is no reason to assume that the location of the transfiguration is due to anything other than Mark’s editorial decisions, the proximity between the promise and its possible fulfillment in the transfiguration is worth noting. While we tend to think of winged creatures in white gowns when we read “holy angels” the original meaning is closer to “holy messengers” and could easily encompass Moses and Elijah.
    Matthew’s changes to Mark’s story are minimal, and can be listed as follows:

    • adds “his brother” to clarify the relationship of John to James
    • unique wording of transfiguration: “and his face shone like the sun, and his clothes became dazzling white”
    • reverses the order of Elijah and Moses to reflect OT sequence for these characters
    • (oddly) prefers “Lord” to the more Jewish “Rabbi” in v. 4
    • omits implicit criticism of Peter for his bumbling response to this epiphany
    • adds “with him I am well pleased” (v. 5)
    • adds vss 6-7 (not found in either Mark or Luke): “When the disciples heard this, they fell to the ground and were overcome by fear. But Jesus came and touched them, saying, ‘Get up and do not be afraid.’”
    • omits reference (found in both Mark and Luke) to the disciples keeping this experience secret at the time

    The transfiguration itself is difficult to categorise. It seems to have some echoes of the baptism traditions with the heavenly voice affirming the beloved Son. Yet many scholars have wondered if this is not a displaced (and possibly garbled) Easter appearance story. The other alternative, that it may be an authentic religious experience that Jesus underwent and which was witnessed by a handful of his most intimate followers also needs to be kept in mind.

    Bruce Chilton (in Rabbi Jesus) has argued that Jesus was initiated into the Jewish mystical traditions while a disciple of John the Baptist. While that cannot be established beyond question, we should not exclude the possibility that Jesus’ own sense of identity and mission was formed and nourished by profound religious experiences. Certainly others in the early Christian movement had such experiences, in which Jesus himself played a critical role.

    The words of the Jewish Jesus scholar, David Flusser, concerning Jesus’ baptism are worth noting here:

    We can well imagine the holy excitement of that crowd who had listened to the words of the Baptist. Having confessed their sins and awaiting the gift of the Holy Spirit to cleanse their souls from all the filth of sin, they plunged their bodies into the cleansing water of the river. Can it be that none of them would have had a special pneumatic-ecstatic experience in that hour when the Spirit of God touched them? (Jesus, p. 40)

    … many scholars are right in thinking that in the original account, the heavenly voice announced to Jesus, “Behold, My servant, whom I uphold, My chosen, in whom My soul delights; I have put My Spirit upon him, he will bring forth justice to the nations” (Isaiah 42:1). This form is probably the original, for the reason that the prophetic word fits the situation. (Jesus, p. 41)

    The gift of the Holy Spirit assumed a significance for Jesus that was different than for others who were baptized by John. Heavenly voices were not an uncommon phenomenon among the Jews of those days, and frequently those voices were heard to utter verses from scripture. Endowment with the Holy Spirit, accompanied by an ecstatic experience, was apparently something that happened to others who were baptized in John’s presence in the Jordan. (Jesus, p. 42)

    If, however, the heavenly voice intoned the words of Isaiah, Jesus must have understood that he was being set apart as the servant of God, the Chosen One. For him, the gift of the Holy Spirit, which was part of John’s baptism, held another special significance that was to become decisive for his future. None of the designations Son, Servant or Chosen One were exclusively messianic titles–the last two could also denote the special status of the prophetic office. By these titles, Jesus learned that he was now called, chosen, set apart. Nothing we have learned casts any doubt upon the historicity of Jesus’ experience at his baptism in the Jordan. (Jesus, p. 42)

    The presence of just the inner circle may be an authentic memory, or a bit of promotion to bolster their standing within the community. Given Mark’s generally critical attitude to the apostolic circle, it is unlikely that he added their names to the tradition. That detail was most likely already in the story as he received it. Matthew has modified it slightly, while Luke has simply preserved the information intact.
    The location of the transfiguration up a high mountain is what the tradition would lead us to expect. High mountains were sacred places and thus ideal sites for theophanies. According to Jewish tradition, Moses spent 6 weeks (40 days) up the “mountain of God” in Sinai when getting a replacement copy of the Ten Commandments. Elijah retired to a mountain cave for his theophany. While no specific location is named in the gospels, later tradition chose to identify the “mount of the transfiguration” as Mt Hermon, the highest peak in the Galilee.

    The appearance of Moses and Elijah alongside Jesus is a powerful claim to spiritual continuity with the most sacred traditions of ancient Israel. Interestingly, like Luke Matthew does not follow Mark when he lists Elijah first. Mark reverses their chronological sequence in the biblical narrative, and flies in the face of later views of the relative significance of Moses and Elijah. However, that may reflect the significance of Elijah as the expected prophet of the End times. In general terms, their presence alongside Jesus speaks to the claim that Jesus was fulfilling the Law and the Prophets.

    Jesus Database

    See also: 184 Horizontal Line Synopsis – for a line by line comparison of the three Synoptic versions of this story

    Liturgies and Prayers

    For liturgies and sermons each week, shaped by a progressive theology, check Rex Hunt’s web site

    Other recommended sites include:

    Music Suggestions

    See David MacGregor’s Together to Celebrate site for recommendations from a variety of contemporary genre.

  • Epiphany 7A (23 February 2014)

    Contents

    Lectionary

    • Leviticus 19:1-2, 9-18 & Psalm 119:33-40
    • 1 Corinthians 3:10-11, 16-23
    • Matthew 5:38-48

    Introduction: Holy perfection, perfect holiness

    The lectionary readings this weekend invite us to imagine reaching levels of spiritual perfection that reflect the character of God. That sets the bar pretty high as we draw towards the close of this unusually lengthy Epiphany season:

    • Leviticus 19 – a holiness that derives from (or reaches towards) the holiness of God
    • 1 Corinthians 3 – living temples for God’s own presence in the world
    • Matthew 5 – a perfection that derives from (or reaches towards) the perfection of God

    First Reading: Leviticus and the love of neighbour

    The excerpt from Leviticus 19 has been carefully edited to focus on those elements that compliment the Gospel passage this week, but perhaps also to avoid the embarrassment of reading a text that is so far removed from the values and practices of most contemporary congregations.

    This chapter of Leviticus does indeed include both a direct command for love of neighbour as well as a number of practical prescriptions to protect and assist those in need. Interestingly, these obligations are framed by a theological assertion that the character and actions of the covenant people should reflect the character (the holiness) of God.

    However, this chapter covers a much broader set of rules for holy living.

    Some of these rules are not ones that we would find especially cogent today, although some remain as important now as they were almost 3,000 years ago. The issues covered in this catalogue of practical holiness include:

    • reverence for parents
    • Sabbath observance
    • no idols and no cast images
    • rules for sacrificial food, including exclusion (possibly death) for breaches
    • leaving edges of the harvest for the poor to glean
    • no stealing, false dealing, lying or profaning
    • no defrauding neighbours, stealing, withholding wages, reviling the deaf, or placing obstacles for the blind
    • no unjust sentences, no special treatment for the rich and powerful, no slandering, and no profiting from other’s death (literally, “blood”)
    • no hatred of anyone in the heart, no failure to warn others of dangerous behaviour, no vengeance, no grudges, love your neighbour as yourself
    • keep God’s statutes, no cross-breeding of animals or plants, no mixing of cloth in the one garment
    • rules for expiating guilt after a man has sex with someone else’s female slave (!)
    • no fruit to be eaten from trees in Palestine for the first four years after the conquest
    • no blood to be consumed with the meat, no augury or witchcraft, no trimming of facial hair, no tattoos and no gashing of the flesh in mourning rituals
    • no profaning of daughters by selling them as prostitutes, but keep Sabbath and respect the holy places
    • no consulting mediums and wizards
    • stand up in front of old people and show respect for the aged
    • look after resident aliens
    • no cheating with weights and measures

    We might wonder what kind of people needed to be told not to engage in some of these actions, but the deeper insight perhaps comes from reflecting on the everyday implications of a radical appreciation of God’s character. Our understanding of the Sacred is to have real and observable implications for the ways we act in everyday relationships. Love for God will generate love of neighbour, even if the historical and cultural dimensions vary from one context to another.

    Gospel: Perfection, no less

    The week’s excerpt from Matthew continues the selections from the Sermon on Mount, and completes the series of antitheses:

    • (in the past) no murder, (now) no hatred (5:21-26)
    • (in the past) no adultery, (now) no lust (5:27-30)
    • (in the past) no divorce without a certificate, (now) no marriage after divorce (5:31-32)
    • (in the past) no false swearing, (now) no oaths at all (5:32-37)
    • (in the past) an eye for eye, (now) turn the cheek, go the second mile (5:38-42)
    • (in the past) love your neighbour, hate your enemy, (now) love your enemy (5:43-47)

    The underlying dynamic of these sayings is to portray Jesus as a rigorous teacher of the Torah, but a rabbi whose focus was on internal coherence rather than external compliance.

    While sometimes understood as a displacement of Torah, Matthew actually represents Jesus as calling for a level of Torah observance that exceeds the “righteousness of the scribes and Pharisees.” Far from being a rejection of Jewish Torah, Matthew represents a reaffirmation of Torah as central to Christian identity and practice.

    The spiritual instincts of the Matthean community were very different from those seen in the letters of Paul. They represent very different expressions of early Christianity, but Matthew’s perspective was not the way of the future as Christianity became increasingly isolated from its Jewish roots. In the aftermath of successive Jewish uprisings against the Roman Empire, some second century Christians even contemplated abandoning the Old Testament as they sought to distinguish themselves from Judaism. In the end, the Jewish Scriptures found a permanent place within the Christian Bible, but relations between Christians and Jews sank to a low ebb in many parts of the empire. Matthew’s preference for describing Jesus in traditional Jewish categories did not hold sway over the Christian imagination, and Pauline categories with their emphasis on Jesus as the divine kyrios came to dominate the christological debates of the third and fourth centuries.

    The two antitheses that comprise this week’s Gospel are among the most distinctive of the teachings attributed to Jesus.

    • The injunction to turn the other cheek, to give one’s cloak (for night time protection) when our daytime clothing is demanded, and to carry the enemy soldier’s baggage for an additional mile beyond what he could legally impose is radical indeed. Choosing not to retaliate, but to serve even more generously than (unjustly) demanded by an oppressor is a supreme act of the human spirit. These examples, however, are not as innocent as they may seem to anachronistic Western eyes. To turn the cheek would require the enemy to dishonour himself by using his left hand, while to relinquish one’s legal right to the overnight protection of the cloak would be to disclose the shameful conduct of the oppressor. And to insist on carrying the soldier’s equipment for an additional mile would undermine his sense of supremacy, as well as deftly challenging his capacity to control and coerce by his military powers. This is subversive wisdom at its best.
    • The command to love even one’s enemy moves the contest of wills to a new level entirely. There is, of course, no Old Testament command to hate one’s enemies; although there far too many biblical examples of tribal violence and ethnic cleansing directed towards the enemies of ancient Israel. As represented by Matthew, Jesus calls for a higher level of holiness, a more complete perfection. To be truly authentic the person of faith must do far better than caring about neighbour and friend. To be “perfect just as your Father in heaven is perfect” requires love even for one’s enemies.

    These instructions do not belong to the doctrinal essence of historic Christianity, but they are at the centre of its sacred wisdom for everyday life. Can we imagine—or, better still, create—a church that practised these injunctions, and gave more weigh to the authenticity of its members’ treatment of others than to their theological correctness?

    Jesus Database

    • 140 The Other Cheek: (1a) 1Q: Luke 6:29 = Matt 5:38-41, (1b) Did. 1:4a.
    • 103 Give Without Return: (1) Gos. Thom. 95; (2a) 1Q: Luke 6:30,34,35b = Matt 5:42; (2b) Did. 1:4b,5a.
    • 114 Love Your Enemies: (1) P. Oxy. 1224, 2 r i, lines 1-2a; (2a) 1Q: Luke 6:27-28,35a = Matt 5:43-44; (2b) Pol. Phil. 12:3a; (2c) Did. 1:3b.
    • 117 Better Than Sinners: (1a) 1Q: Luke 6:32-35 = Matt 5:45-47; (1b) 2 Clem. 13:4a [from Luke 6:32]; (1c) Did. 1:3b; (2) Ign. Pol. 2:1.
    • 141 As Your Father: (1a) 1Q: Luke 6:36 = Matt 5:48, (1b) Pol. Phil. 12:3b.

    Liturgies and Prayers

    For liturgies and sermons each week, shaped by a progressive theology, check Rex Hunt’s web site

    Other recommended sites include:

     

    Music Suggestions

    See David MacGregor’s Together to Celebrate site for recommendations from a variety of contemporary genre.

  • Epiphany 6A (16 February 2014)

    Contents

    Lectionary

    • Deuteronomy 30:15-20 & Psalm 119:1-8
    • 1 Corinthians 3:1-9
    • Matthew 5:21-37

    Introduction

    The readings set for this Sunday mostly follow the continuing series established over the past few weeks, but the first reading is drawn from Deuteronomy. Depending on the date of Easter, these readings are sometimes used in the series after Pentecost, but in other years they are simply omitted.

    First Reading: Deuteronomy 30:15-20

    In its present canonical location, Deuteronomy reiterates the account of the tribes of YHWH in the wilderness. It is both the conclusion to the great national epic narrated from Genesis through Deuteronomy (the Torah), and also the theological prelude to the subsequent prophetic recital of Israel’s political history that extends from Joshua and Judges through 1 & 2 Samuel to 1 & 2 Kings.

    Deuteronomy is broadly cast in the literary form of a covenant document, but it is also something of a last testament for Moses whose death is one of the final scenes in the book.

    The section read this week comes from the concluding section of Moses’ third and final discourse:

    • Deut 5–11 – First Address
    • Deut 12–28 – Second Address
    • Deut 29–30 – Third Address

    At the culmination this series of exhortations the Deuteronomist presents Moses as laying down a challenge for the people of Israel. They were to choose between two pathways, one leading to life and blessing in the land of promise, and the other guaranteed to result in suffering, death and exile. This is not a historical memory, but a projection back into the imaginary past of a theological value held dearly by the Yahwists of ancient Israel and Judah.

    The following description of the radical Yahwists responsible for this book, and perhaps for much of what we have come to know as the Old Testament, comes from The Once and Future Bible (p. 84f):

    What we find in Deuteronomy—and also in the books that follow it and reflect the same deuteronomistic mindset—is a radical redefinition of Yahwism as an exclusive loyalty to the national deity, matched with a determination to eliminate anything that may compromise their primary devotion to God. The late dating of this book is shown by its demand to kill all of the indigenous peoples of Canaan, matched with the call for all the traditional religious sites (the “high places”) to be destroyed.
    Had this been the view taken by the earliest tribes of YHWH, the history of ancient Israel and Judah would have been rather different. Even the Bible acknowledges that the earlier generations of “settlers” did not drive out the people of land, and failed to eradicate the worship of Baal and Asherah. Had they done so, according to the Bible, Israel would not have been led astray by these pagans and their despicable practices. (See especially 2 Kgs 17:7–18 and 23:26–27.) The violence visited on Israel by God in punishment for their sins would not have been such a feature of their historical experience as a nation and, in particular, they would not have been sent into exile in distant Babylon.
    This, of course, is the perspective of the “Deuteronomist” and his school—an informal tradition of prophetic leadership that was deeply skeptical of the establishment with its coalition of king and priest, palace and temple. It is not a view supported by history. Both the brief flourishing of the small kingdoms of israel and Judah, and their total collapse, can be fully explained by the larger political context of Palestine in the Iron Age II period. Other—non-Yahwistic—kingdoms thrived and collapsed in the same area and at the same times. But, as the Deuteronomistic prophets tell the story, history could have turned out differently—if only the people had allowed them to call the shots.
    Had the anti-establishment religious fringe gained the public power it craved, we would have seen a total annihilation of the non-Jewish population of Canaan. There would have been more religious bloodbaths of the kind unleashed by Jehu following his religious coup against the northern dynasty of Omri (see 2 Kings 10). Local villages and towns would have been deprived of access to local sacred places much sooner than happened when the high places were suppressed during the reign of Josiah, and sacrifice restricted to the temple in Jerusalem.
    Central to the theology of the Deuteronomist was a theology of punishment and reward, an ancient form of the prosperity gospel. Good behavior by pious people would always lead to blessings (possession of the land, good health, fertility of field and bed, and so on). On the other hand, failure to serve YHWH with total loyalty would inevitably result in loss of the land, famine and plague, invasion and exile. The good are blessed, while the bad are punished. The simplistic theology of the Deuteronomist was to be challenged in other parts of the Bible, but especially in the OT book of Job.

    Second Reading: 1 Corinthians 3:1-9

    This week’s excerpt from 1 Corinthians provides a glimpse into the contests and tensions that were hallmarks of earliest Christianity.

    Far from being a golden age of theological purity and spontaneous unity, as the orthodox writers of the second and third century would have us imagine it, the hidden history of early Christianity seems to have been characterised by doctrinal confusion, factional disputes, and leadership rivalries. Some of this is easily surmised by the content and tone of Paul’s letters, many of which may never have been composed were it not for the problems he was seeking to address. We can discern the outline of Paul’s opponents in letters such as Galatians and Corinthians, and his passionate defence of his apostolic status is surely a barometer of the challenges to his authority from other parts of the early church.

    In today’s passage, Paul is appealing for tolerance and shared loyalty to a larger objective. He suggests that spiritual maturity is demonstrated by a capacity to move beyond loyalty to particular persons, our favourite religious practices, and our pet doctrines. Yet acrimonious arguments over precisely those questions were to bedevil Christianity for much of its first three centuries, coming to a temporary settlement only when the emperor Constantine directed the resources of the empire to impose uniformity and suppress dissenters. With the lifting of civil constraints on religious diversity in the last few centuries we have seen a renewed passion for doctrinal debate, exclusive claims to truth, and the fragmenting of Christianity into hundreds of competing sects.

    For further resources on diversity and conflict in earliest Christianity see studies such as the following:

    For a conservative critique of the consensus represented in the previous studies, all of which derive to some extent from the influential work of Walter Bauer (1877-1960), see:

    Gospel: Matthew 5:21-37

    This section from Matthew’s Sermon on the Mount traditions is commonly known as The Antitheses, where Jesus is represented as setting his own teaching in opposition to the traditional sacred law of Judaism:

    • Anger
    • Prayer and forgiveness
    • On the way to the judge
    • Lust
    • Radical holiness
    • Divorce
    • Oaths

    Space will not allow a discussion of these separate points, but the Jesus Database pages listed below will offer the texts and some commentary.

    Jesus Database

    Liturgies and Prayers

    For liturgies and sermons each week, shaped by a progressive theology, check Rex Hunt’s web site

    Other recommended sites include:

     

    Music Suggestions

    See David MacGregor’s Together to Celebrate site for recommendations from a variety of contemporary genre.